Catcher In The Rye Essays (462 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye J.D. Salinger uses Holden Caulfield's anti-heroic characteristics to develop the theme of innocence and childhood. Holden is afraid of growing up and would prefer to remain an innocent child. He seems unable to face the responsibilities that come as one gets older. His continued flunking at school shows this. "They kicked me out. I wasn't suppose to come back after Christmas vacation, on account of I was flunking four subjects and not applying myself at all." (Page 4). School is normally where young children learn to become responsible adult members of society, but Holden rejects the values at Pency just as he did the other schools from which he was expelled. Flunking school is a way Holden can hold on to his innocence and childhood, instead of growing up. Holden's relationship with Jane Gallagher also reveals his fear of growing up. Nostalgia and fond childhood memories are pleasant for Holden. His relationship with Jane was innocent, even though they kissed; Holden informs us it wasn't on the mouth! "Then she really started to cry, and the next thing I knew, I was kissing her all over-anywhere-her eyes, her nose, her forehead, her eyebrows and all, her ears-her whole face except her mouth and all. She sort of wouold not let me get to her mouth."(Page 79). Jane represents a symbol of innocence in the eyes of Holden. Throughout the novel Holden thinks of phoning Jane, but is unable to talk to her, probably because he is afraid of spoiling this innocence and childhood he feels with her. Again this shows his fear of growing up. The second anti-heroic characteristic of Holden that develops the theme of Innocence and childhood is his childlike qualities. Holden's innocence and childlike qualities are exposed when he tries to act out his perceptions of adult behaviour. For example his initial attempts to get alcohol are unsuccessful and when he finally does get served he gets drunk and breaks his sister's present. "Then something terrible happened just as I got in the park. I dropped old Phoebe's record. It broke into about fifty pieces. It was in a big envelop and all but it broke anyway." (Page 154). The record represented the bond he had with his sister, which was pure and innocent. It was the language of music, which also bonded his memories of their childhood. His experience with the prostitute shows his innocence regarding sex. "Ya got a watch on ya?" she asked me again, and then she stood up and pulled her dress over her head. I certainly felt peculier when she did that. I mean she did it so sudden and all. I know you're supposed to feel pretty sexy when somebody gets up and pulls their dress over their head but I didn't. Sexy was about the last thing I was feeling. I felt much more depressed than sexy.

Free Essays on Total Quality Management And Army Planning

Although their applications vary greatly, the Total Quality Management (TQM) approach to problem solving closely resembles the approach used by military personnel while planning rapid response missions. These missions entail service personnel conducting specialized military operations from US. Army units; a good example of one such mission was the rescue of pilot Mike Durant, whose Blackhawk was shot down over Mogadishu in 1997 (Bowden 108). A great strength of TQM is its focus on a structured approach to problem solving and decision making. A disciplined approach is also employed by Army personnel as they plan rapid response rescue missions–missions that are inherently complicated and involve a great deal of coordination among many people. Although having a structured approach to problem solving or mission planning is not a novel concept, the power of both TQM and rapid response rescue planning is that by adhering to established procedure, each procedure minimizes the time spent in the process while, more importantly, maximizing the yield of the results (Army vol. 1). Soldiers who plan and execute rapid response rescue missions are typically on board helicopters underway in a theater of operations–for example, Southwest Asia or the African nations. Primarily, these soldiers make up a forward-deployed conventional force that enhances regional stability. In addition, these personnel comprise a variety of rapid response forces that answer a need for immediate small-scale military and humanitarian operations. In this vein, they have the mandate of being able to commence the execution of a given mission within six hours from initial notification (Army vol.1). The type and scope of missions can vary considerably and, although the soldiers continually train, being able to plan and execute any mission successfully within only six hours is challenging. To this end, the leaders have developed a set of standard planning procedures calle... Free Essays on Total Quality Management And Army Planning Free Essays on Total Quality Management And Army Planning Although their applications vary greatly, the Total Quality Management (TQM) approach to problem solving closely resembles the approach used by military personnel while planning rapid response missions. These missions entail service personnel conducting specialized military operations from US. Army units; a good example of one such mission was the rescue of pilot Mike Durant, whose Blackhawk was shot down over Mogadishu in 1997 (Bowden 108). A great strength of TQM is its focus on a structured approach to problem solving and decision making. A disciplined approach is also employed by Army personnel as they plan rapid response rescue missions–missions that are inherently complicated and involve a great deal of coordination among many people. Although having a structured approach to problem solving or mission planning is not a novel concept, the power of both TQM and rapid response rescue planning is that by adhering to established procedure, each procedure minimizes the time spent in the process while, more importantly, maximizing the yield of the results (Army vol. 1). Soldiers who plan and execute rapid response rescue missions are typically on board helicopters underway in a theater of operations–for example, Southwest Asia or the African nations. Primarily, these soldiers make up a forward-deployed conventional force that enhances regional stability. In addition, these personnel comprise a variety of rapid response forces that answer a need for immediate small-scale military and humanitarian operations. In this vein, they have the mandate of being able to commence the execution of a given mission within six hours from initial notification (Army vol.1). The type and scope of missions can vary considerably and, although the soldiers continually train, being able to plan and execute any mission successfully within only six hours is challenging. To this end, the leaders have developed a set of standard planning procedures calle...

Globalisation as a Catalyst for Western Job Loss Essay

Globalisation as a Catalyst for Western Job Loss - Essay Example Globalisation as a Catalyst for Western Job Loss Making the statement that all jobs will be lost as a factor of globalisation is not supported by the research on this topic of study, hence concluding with support for the notion would be an irresponsible assessment. Domestic labourers can be sacrificed in favour of a new variety of worker, who is foreign in residence and can be paid wages which are considerably lower than their domestic counterparts. Further, globalisation provides the foundation for an imbalance between domestic product output and the volume of importations experienced by Western nations each year; especially the United States. Though to say that complete elimination of domestic jobs will occur would be somewhat unrealistic, it is clear that due to an aggressive push toward globalising the corporate West, substantial domestic job loss is likely inevitable. Multiple Perspectives on Globalisation and Job Loss Scott (2003) provides ample support for continued job loss stemming from globalisation by highlighting a series of statistics in the U.S. domestic job market. The author points out how the imbalance between import and export goods which is created when previously-domestic production facilities are shifted to overseas markets. To illustrate this point, Scott further suggests that during the 1990’s, the U.S. experienced considerable job growth, due to phenomenon he identifies as the boom and bust period where consumer consumption levels were high, driving domestic production.

Late Antiquity, Catacomes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Late Antiquity, Catacomes - Research Paper Example In each type of religion, it is prevalent that people pay much attention to the catacombs of their own religion. Some historians have paid in depth attention to the reason behind the invasion and creation of this type of religious art. Their judgments show the emergence of this concept to have erupted as a way set out by the religious communities to practice their religion more easily. For instance, Christianity was considered as an illegal religion during the 2nd and 3rd century (Ricciardi 991). Hence, to practice their rituals, they formed a special place to perform underground burials; according to their tradition. Later, when their religion received legal status during 313 AD, their burial processions henceforth moved from the catacombs into the public sphere. Since catacombs were a new and a very different concept from the naturally existing burial processes of the present age, many historians and archeologists have shown high levels interest in their background and antiquity. J org Scheid, one of the archeologists from the United States has put a major work in this field. Scheid aimed examining the condition of the dead bodies that were centuries earlier buried underground (Yeomans 59). His aim, however, could not be very successfully carried forward, since his digging was greatly hampered due to the fact that many of the possible signs and indications, that could have otherwise have been helpful to assess the bodies and utilize catacombs for ancient study, were destroyed in past fires, flooding, earth quakes or other natural disasters (Delgado 321). Yet, he could gain his major findings and base his observations mainly on the remains of the cloths that were used for covering the dead bodies. Some archeologists evenly studied and tried to observe the conditions and reasons behind the damage of the dead bodies and their destroyed shapes. They figured out that the dead bodies in the catacombs under the Capuchin Monastery zone were kept under a temperature of 25 degree Celsius; along with an intensely humid environment that ranged almost above 80 percent over the normal rate. This temperature management was proven to be totally unsuitable and not ideal for maintaining or preserving dead bodies; which was the major reason of making catacombs. The people of past centuries believed to maintain the dead bodies of their religious heroes to be seen and idealized by the coming generations. But the storage conditions proved ineffective for the sustainability and long lasting maintenance of the catacomb’s dead bodies. Yet, the archeologists have reported that certain dead bodies are better preserved than the others. They claim them to have superior in the religious practices of their age, and hence, were treated by the than people with respect after death and they were kept and preserved with more care. These supposed catacomb heroes are mostly found with large amount of tissues still existing within their bodies; still un-decomposed. Oth er than the heroic traits or religious superiority that was assumed by the archeologists to have been the major reason

American revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American revolution - Essay Example rchitect of the Constitution, James Madison, believed a powerful federal government would posses enough power to ensure the freedom of minorities within the country. With the opposition from anti-federalists and noble American leaders, the Committee agreed to create amendments to the constitution, later known as the Bill of Rights. Considering the chain of events and the participation of all the principal Actors including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson in the process, the first ten amendments seemed to be a natural step in the American Revolution. One of the motivating factors behind the American Revolution was to ensure individual freedom and the Bill of Rights was the only way to ensure liberty of the citizens. The ten amendments prioritized the rights of individuals and individual liberties in the United States of America. The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in the American history. The Declaration of Independence was not an instant outco me, but a gradual development of politics throughout the American colonies. The most notable event to mark the beginning, which leads to the declaration, occurred in Philadelphia on 7 June, 1776 when Richard Henry Lee announced the resolution from British Crown and the right of the colonies to be independent in front of the Congress. This announcement was coherent to what happened in the other colonies and it was the result of the strategies and rulings passed by the British Crown to suppress the American Revolution. A draft was prepared with the major efforts of Thomas Jefferson along with other members including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. After some deletions and corrections, the declaration of Independence was adopted on 4 July, 1776. The... The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in the American history. The Declaration of Independence was not an instant outcome, but a gradual development of politics throughout the American colonies. The most notable event to mark the beginning, which leads to the declaration, occurred in Philadelphia on 7 June, 1776 when Richard Henry Lee announced the resolution from British Crown and the right of the colonies to be independent in front of the Congress. This announcement was coherent to what happened in the other colonies and it was the result of the strategies and rulings passed by the British Crown to suppress the American Revolution. A draft was prepared with the major efforts of Thomas Jefferson along with other members including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. After some deletions and corrections, the declaration of Independence was adopted on 4 July, 1776. The declaration of Independence was the beginning of a great revolution followed the formation of the U.S. Constitution in and the ten amendments up to 1789. The main motivation behind the American Revolution was to set the nation free from the British Ruling and create equality among the citizens of America. Before the formation of the U.S. Constitution and the amendments, there were two primary political problems including independence from the British Rule and the challenge to ensure equality of rights within the nation.

A Review Of Recent Evidence

A Review Of Recent Evidence PROJECT MANAGEMENT EMERGED FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE AS A DISCIPLINE. THE 1950S MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN PROJECT MANAGEMENT ERA. BEFORE 1950S, PROJECTS WERE MANAGED ON AN AD-HOC BASIS USING GANTT CHARTS, OR INFORMAL TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS THE DISCIPLINE OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, SECURING AND MANAGING RESOURCES (I.E. MANAGEMENT) TO BRING ABOUT THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF SPECIFIC PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. B: DISCUSS PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ELEMENTS ONCE PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS PUT IN PLACE ORGANIZATIONS GET THE NECESSARY TOOLS AND INFORMATION THAT ARE NEEDED TO COLLABORATE AND MANAGE THEIR WORKLOAD AS A TEAM. FOLLOWING ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS FOR BETTER PROJECT MANAGEMENT: 1. CLASSIFY -DEFINE THE TYPE OF WORK: IT HELPS EVERYONE UNDERSTAND WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E.G. NEW FEATURE, ACTION ITEM, DEFECT ETC. 2. TARGET -TARGET SETS YOUR PROJECT ¿Ã‚ ½S MILESTONES. MEASURING PROGRESS IS EASY WITH METRICS WHEN REMAINING TASKS AND ISSUES CAN BE RELATED BACK TO THE PLAN, KEEPING TEAM MEMBERS FOCUSED AND WORKING TOWARD A COMMON GOAL. 3. PRIORITIZE EACH TEAM MEMBER SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE PRIORITY SYSTEM. 4. COLLABORATE -RIGHT TASKS BE ASSIGNED TO THE RIGHT PEOPLE. MAKE SURE THAT OWNERSHIP BE CLEAR AND REASONABLE. WORKLOAD HAS TO BE BALANCED AND FAIR AND IT SHOULD BE EASY FOR PEOPLE TO GET HELP IF NEEDED FROM OTHER TEAM MEMBERS. 5. CHECK STATUS -TASK STATUS SHOULD BE REGULARLY TRACKED. IT SHOULD BE EASY TO SEE WHAT IS COMPLETED, WHAT REMAINS TO BE COMPLETED, AND WHAT ISSUES EXIST. 6. TRACK COMPLIANCE KEEP A COMPLETE HISTORY FOR EVERY TASK. IT HELPS YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT ISSUES REMAIN, HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PLANS, UNDERSTAND AND CORRECT PROCESS ISSUES, AND COMPLY WITH APPROPRIATE INDUSTRY STANDARDS LIKE ISO9000 CERTIFICATION ETC. C: DISCUSS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS INFLUENCING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CAN BE AFFECTED BY THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN A BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. THE EXTERNAL FORCES THAT AFFECT PROJECT MANAGEMENT INCLUDE SOCIOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL. EXTERNAL FACTORS: 1. SOCIOLOGICAL: IT INCLUDES THE DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS, TRENDS, WORK ETHICS, PERSONAL VALUES, AND GENERAL CULTURES. THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE DIFFERENTLY ON HOW A PROJECT MANAGER ACCOMPLISHES ITS GOALS. THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN EACH COUNTRY IS UNIQUE AND AS THE BUSINESS BECOMES INTERNATIONAL, MANAGEMENT HAS TO UNDERSTAND THESE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS IN ORDER TO PLAN FOR THE FUTURE AND DESIGN PRODUCTS FOR A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE. 2. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL: IT INCLUDES THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS SUCH AS COMPETITORS, SUPPLIERS AND CUSTOMERS. PROJECT MANAGEMENT MUST STUDY THE ECONOMY AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR A CONTINUAL AND DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP. BY STUDYING THE COMPANIES, SUPPLIERS, COMPETITORS, CUSTOMERS AND CURRENT POLITICAL FACTORS, THE MANAGEMENT IS CAPABLE OF MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGERIAL DECISIONS. THUS THE PRODUCTS DESIGNED UNDER THIS POSSES PLACE, FORM AND TIME UTILITY TO SUCCEED IN THE MARKET PLACE. 3. TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY HAS THE MOST DRAMATIC EFFECT ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AS ANY CHANGE IN THIS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS OFTEN QUICKLY FELT BY FIRM. AS THE MARKET CAN CHANGE OVERNIGHT THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE IN A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS THAT WILL PUT THE COMPANY IN A FLEXIBLE POSITION TO ADAPT WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES. INTERNAL FACTORS: INTERNAL FACTORS OR ENVIRONMENT OF A BUSINESS CONSISTS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO COMPLETE ITS GOALS. THESE ARE HUMAN, TECHNOLOGICAL, FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES. THE TASK OF MANAGEMENT IS TO ACQUIRE THESE RESOURCES AND MAKE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION. IN THIS TASK THE MANAGEMENT OF A PROJECT IS IN COMPETITION WITH ALL OTHER BUSINESSES IN THE LIFE. ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES ARE THEREFORE SCARCE AND MANAGEMENT SUCCESS DEPENDS ON HOW WELL THESE RESOURCES ARE BOTH ACQUIRED AND UTILIZED. 1. GLOBALIZATION: THE FIRST FACTOR IS GLOBALIZATION WHICH TENDS TO BRING CLOSE PEOPLE FROM AROUND THE WORLD AND AS A RESULT INCREASING THE POSSIBILITIES OF PERSONAL EXCHANGE, MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND FRIENDSHIP. GLOBALIZATION IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR SUCCESS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF A BUSINESS IN THE WORLD MARKET. THE GLOBAL NETWORKING ALLOWS NEW IDEAS AND PLANNING MEANT TO CAPTURE THE GLOBAL MARKET. 2. TECHNOLOGY: IT IS THE SECOND ASPECT AND REFERS TO TECHNIQUES WHICH MAKE OPERATIONS EASIER. INNOVATION INVOLVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS TO CREATE A NEW AND IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY. 3. ETHICS: THE FINAL FACTOR AFFECTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS ETHICS WHICH IS DESCRIBED AS A SET OF PRINCIPLES OF RIGHT CONDUCT. P2: APPRAISE THE VIABILITY OF PROJECTS AND DEVELOP SUCCESS/FAILURE CRITERIA. A: DEVELOP SUCCESS AND FAILURE CRITERIA FOR PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COST AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS. DR MARTIN BARNES (UK) FIRST DESCRIBED THE  ¿Ã‚ ½IRON TRIANGLE ¿Ã‚ ½ OF TIME, COST AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY) IN A COURSE HE DEVELOPED IN 1969. THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE CAN BE USED BY MANAGERS TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE DIFFICULTIES OF IMPLEMENTING CHANGE AND THE COMPLEXITIES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT. ALL PROJECTS HAVE CERTAIN CONSTRAINTS, THOSE THINGS THAT RESTRICT THE DECISIONS THAT CAN BE MADE  ¿Ã‚ ½ FOR EXAMPLE, MOST PROJECTS HAVE A COST CONSTRAINT AS THERE WILL ONLY BE A CERTAIN BUDGET AVAILABLE TO THE PROJECT. A PROJECT MANAGER MUST WORK OUT HOW TO DELIVER A PROJECT WITH A GIVEN SET OF CONSTRAINTS. ONE APPROACH IS THAT OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE, WHICH IDENTIFIES THREE CONSTRAINTS THAT WILL APPLY TO ALL PROJECTS AND THAT AFFECT EACH OTHER; TIGHTENING ONE CONSTRAINT WILL ALLOW SOME FLEXIBILITY IN THE OTHERS AND FLEXIBILITY IN ONE AREA WILL AFFECT THE OTHERS. THE THREE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE ARE TIME, COST AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY). AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE (COST, TIME AND SCOPE) CAN HELP ALL MANAGERS TO IMPLEMENT CHANGE IN BUSINESS. TIME CONSTRAINT (SCHEDULE) TIME IS THE MOST DIFFICULT CONSTRAINT TO CONTROL IN A PROJECT AS DEADLINES ARE USUALLY ENSURE EFFICIENT WORKING AND OFTEN THE REQUIRED RESOURCES ARE NOT AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED .ALL THE ACTIVITIES IN A PROJECT TAKE TIME AND EACH ACTIVITY CAN TAKE A SHORTER OR LONGER AMOUNT OF TIME DEPENDING ON FACTORS SUCH AS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONNEL COMPLETING THE TASK, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORKING ON THE TASK AND THE AVAILABILITY OF WORKERS AT THE GIVEN TIME PERIOD. COST CONSTRAINT ALL PROJECTS HAVE FINITE RESOURCES AVAILABLE THAT ARE MEASURED IN TERMS OF COST. THERE IS A LIMITED BUDGET AND THE PROJECT MANAGER MUST PLAN HOW TO SPEND THE BUDGET ON THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. REDUCING THE COST OF A PROJECT WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE TIME THE PROJECT WILL TAKE AND CHANGING THE TIME AVAILABLE TO A PROJECT WILL IMPACT THE COST OF THE PROJECT. PROJECT SCOPE CONSTRAINT THE SCOPE DEFINES THE EXPECTED DELIVERABLES BY THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT MANAGER HAS TO MANAGE THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT AS ANY CHANGE IN SCOPE WILL IMPACT BOTH COST AND TIME. IF MORE ITEMS ARE ADDED TO THE SCOPE THEN BOTH TIME AND COST MAY INCREASE, AND EVEN A SUBTLE CHANGE TO THE SCOPE CAN HAVE NOTICEABLE IMPACTS, BECAUSE OF WHICH CHANGE CONTROL IS VITAL TO PROJECT SUCCESS. PROJECT QUALITY AT TIMES THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE IS DESCRIBED WITH THE THREE CONSTRAINTS TIME, COST AND QUALITY RATHER THAN SCOPE, AS HIGHER QUALITY IN A PROJECT CAN EASILY LEAD TO A HIGHER COST AND SOMETIMES MORE TIME. HOWEVER, QUALITY CAN ALSO BE PART OF THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT; AS WELL DEFINED DELIVERABLES WILL INCLUDE A STATEMENT REGARDING THE DESIRED QUALITY. B: BRIEFLY EXPLAIN DIMENSIONS OF PROJECT SUCCESS TO BE SUCCESSFUL A PROJECT MUST: * DELIVER THE OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS REQUIRED BY ORGANIZATION, ITS DELIVERY PARTNERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZATIONS * CREATE AND IMPLEMENT DELIVERABLES THAT MEET THE AGREED REQUIREMENTS * MEET THE TIME TARGETS * STAY WITHIN THE FINANCIAL BUDGETS * INVOLVE ALL RIGHT PEOPLE * MAKE BEST USE OF RESOURCES IN THE ORGANIZATION * TAKE ACCOUNT OF CHANGES IN THE WAY THE ORGANIZATION OPERATES * MANAGE ANY RISKS THAT COULD JEOPARDIZE THE SUCCESS * TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEEDS OF STAFF AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WHO WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE CHANGES BROUGHT IN BY THE PROJECT. P3: UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEM PROCEDURES: A: DISCUSS PROJECT INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM THE PROJECT INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM IS USED IN COMPANIES FOR INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF PROJECTS AND IN PROJECT PREPARATION AND HANDLING. THE PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE A HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT, INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF WORK AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN THE COMPANY. THE SYSTEM ENSURES: * REGISTRATION AND FULL DOCUMENTING OF COMPANY ¿Ã‚ ½S PROJECTS * EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION * EXCHANGE OF PROJECT INFORMATION AMONGST ALL PROJECT PARTICIPANTS * EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE TECHNOLOGIES BEING DEVELOPED IN THE COMPANY * FOLLOW-UP OF PROJECT ORGANIZATION DOCUMENTATION AT ALL STAGES BOTH FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CONTENTS, AND FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WORK ORGANIZATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONNEL USE. * POSSIBILITY OF CREATION AND STORAGE OF DOCUMENTATION FOR QUALITY SYSTEM. * INTERACTION BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGER AND THE CUSTOMER, SUBCONTRACTORS, COMPANY MANAGEMENT AND CO-WORKERS WORKING ON THE PROJECT INSIDE THE COMPANY. * NOTIFICATION OF CO-WORKERS AND PROJECT MANAGER ABOUT THE TASKS RECEIVED. * CONTROL OF DOCUMENT IMPLEMENTATION, AGREEMENT AND APPROVAL CYCLES FOR PROJECT DOCUMENTS. * STRUCTURING OF INFORMATION BY PROJECT DOCUMENTATION. * DOCUMENT SYSTEMATIZATION TAKES PLACE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS: > ACCORDING TO MONTHS AND WEEKS > SEPARATION OF NEW DOCUMENTATION DEVELOPED DURING LAST MONTH AND LAST WEEK > STORAGE OF INFORMATION ON FROZEN AND ACCOMPLISHED PROJECTS IN DYNAMICAL ARCHIVE, POSSIBILITY TO LOOK THROUGH THIS DOCUMENTATION, CHANGE PROJECT STATUS AND TRANSFER ALL INFORMATION ON PROJECT FROM DYNAMICAL ARCHIVE TO THE BASE OF PERSPECTIVE AND ACTIVE PROJECTS. * DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF ACCESS RESTRICTION TO PROJECT DOCUMENTATION FOR COMPANY CO-WORKERS. * THE SYSTEM IS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF CLIENT-SERVER PLATFORM. THIS PLATFORM ALLOWS ORGANIZING JOINT USE OF INFORMATION BY ALL EMPLOYEES, TO ENSURE THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF INFORMATION SAFETY AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR STANDARD PROCESSES OF DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT. B: DISCUSS AND GIVE EXAMPLES HOW HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES CAN BE INTEGRATED TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS. FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT COMPLETION, PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ARE ADOPTED WHICH ARE MOSTLY LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCE, AND THEY ARE UNIVERSALLY VALID FOR ¿Ã‚ ½ALL ¿Ã‚ ½PROJECTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ PRINCIPLE BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT BEGINS WITH THESE PRINCIPLES: * RULE 1- FIND OUT WHAT BUSINESS YOU ARE IN, AND THEN MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½BE SURE YOUR BUSINESS IS VIABLE. ¿Ã‚ ½SELECT PROJECTS THAT ARE GOOD FOR YOUR BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½UNDERSTAND THE BUSINESS VALUE IN YOUR PROJECT AND LOOK FOR CHANGES. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½LEARN AND APPLY BEST PRACTICES IN YOUR CHOSEN BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½DEFINE WHAT IS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE YOUR AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE2 UNDERSTAND THE CUSTOMER ¿Ã‚ ½S REQUIREMENTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½THOROUGHLY UNDERSTAND AND DOCUMENT CUSTOMER ¿Ã‚ ½S REQUIREMENTS, OBTAIN CUSTOMER AGREEMENT, AND PUT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTS UNDER VERSION IDENTIFICATION AND CHANGE CONTROL. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 3 PREPARE A ¿Ã‚ ½REASONABLE ¿Ã‚ ½PLAN. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½PREPARE A ¿Ã‚ ½PLAN ¿Ã‚ ½THAT DEFINES THE SCOPE, SCHEDULE, COST, AND APPROACH FOR A REASONABLE PROJECT. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½INVOLVE TASK OWNERS IN DEVELOPING PLANS AND ESTIMATES, TO ENSURE FEASIBILITY. ¿Ã‚ ½USE A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TO PROVIDE COHERENCE AND COMPLETENESS TO MINIMIZE UNPLANNED WORK. * RULE 4 BUILD A TEAM WITH CLEAR OWNERSHIP. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½GET GOOD AND TRUSTWORTHY PEOPLE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ESTABLISH CLEAR OWNERSHIP ¿Ã‚ ½OF WELL-DEFINED TASKS; ENSURE THEY HAVE TOOLS AND TRAINING NEEDED; AND PROVIDE TIMELY FEEDBACK. * RULE 5 TRACK PROJECT STATUS- TRACK ¿Ã‚ ½PROGRESS ¿Ã‚ ½AND CARRYOUT FREQUENT REVIEWS. ¿Ã‚ ½CONDUCT METHODICAL REVIEWS TO HELP MANAGE CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS, IMPROVE QUALITY, AND IDENTIFY PROBLEMS BEFORE THEY GET OUT OF HAND. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 6 USE BASELINE CONTROLS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ESTABLISH BASELINES FOR THE ¿Ã‚ ½PRODUCT ¿Ã‚ ½USING ¿Ã‚ ½CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT ¿Ã‚ ½AND FOR THE ¿Ã‚ ½PROJECT ¿Ã‚ ½USING COST AND SCHEDULE BASELINE TRACKING. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½MANAGE CHANGES DELIBERATELY. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½USE MEASUREMENTS TO BASELINE PROBLEM AREAS AND THEN TRACK PROGRESS QUANTITATIVELY TOWARDS SOLUTIONS. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 7 WRITE IMPORTANT STUFF DOWN, SHARE IT, AND SAVE IT. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½WRITE DOWN REQUIREMENTS, PLANS, PROCEDURES, AND EVOLVING DESIGNS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½DOCUMENTING ALLOWS THEM TO EVOLVE AND IMPROVE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE BASELINE CONTROLS, RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS, OR A REPEATABLE PROCESS WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 8 IF IT HASNT BEEN TESTED, IT DOESNT WORK. ¿Ã‚ ½ DEVELOP TEST CASES EARLY TO HELP UNDERSTAND AND VERIFY REQUIREMENTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½USE EARLY TESTING TO VERIFY CRITICAL ITEMS AND REDUCE TECHNICAL RISKS. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 9 ENSURE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½KEEP THE CUSTOMERS REAL NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS IN VIEW. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 10 BE RELENTLESSLY PROACTIVE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½TAKE INITIATIVE AND BE RELENTLESSLY PROACTIVE IN APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES AND IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS AS THEY ARISE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½PERIODICALLY ADDRESS AND CONFRONT PROJECT RISKS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ATTACK PROBLEMS, AND LEAVE NO STONE UNTURNED. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P4: IDENTIFY THE KEY ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN TERMINATING PROJECTS AND CONDUCTING POST-PROJECT APPRAISALS. CLOSURE MAY OCCUR AS PLANNED AT THE END OF THE PROJECT OR EARLY IF THE NEED OR JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT NO LONGER EXISTS. THE STEPS BELOW APPLY PRIMARILY TO NORMAL TERMINATION. THE BUSINESS CASE SHOULD BE HANDED OVER TO WHOEVER IS GOING TO TAKE LONG TERM RESPONSIBILITY FOR DELIVERING THE DESIRED BENEFITS. TOWARDS THE END OF THE PROJECT THE PROJECT MANAGER PERFORM AN EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT AGAINST THE PROJECT INITIATION DOCUMENT AND REPORT TO THE PROJECT BOARD SO THAT IT MAY FORMALLY CLOSE THE PROJECT, PERHAPS AT A CLOSURE MEETING. THE CHECKLIST BELOW WILL HELP THE SRO/PROJECT BOARD ASSURE ITSELF THAT THE PROJECT CAN BE CLOSED DOWN: PROJECT CLOSURE CHECKLIST * IS THE WORK OF THE PROJECT COMPLETE AS MEASURED AGAINST ANY SUBSEQUENT AGREED CHANGES? * HAVE ALL PROJECT DELIVERABLES BEEN CREATED, QUALITY CONTROLLED, ACCEPTED AND HANDED OVER TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THEM? * HAS INFORMATION ABOUT KNOWN ERRORS CONVEYED TO THOSE WHO WILL USE/OPERATE/MAINTAIN THE DELIVERABLES? * HAS RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONGOING OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND TRAINING OF THE DELIVERABLES BEEN ACCEPTED BY APPROPRIATE PARTS OF THE ORGANIZATION? * HAVE THOSE WHO PROVIDED RESOURCES BEEN INFORMED OF ENDING PROJECT CLOSURE? * HAVE ALL OUTSTANDING REQUESTS FOR CHANGE BEEN PASSED TO APPROPRIATE OWNERS? * HAVE ALL RISKS BEEN COMMUNICATED TO AN APPROPRIATE OWNER IN THE ORGANIZATION? * HAS INFORMATION ABOUT ANY ERRORS IN THE DELIVERABLES BEEN COMMUNICATED TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES? * IS A PLAN IN PLACE FOR A POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW TO MEASURE THE ACTUAL ACHIEVEMENT OF BENEFITS AFTER THE PROJECT (TERMS OF REFERENCE, TIMING AND RESPONSIBILITIES)? * HAVE LESSONS LEARNED BEEN RECORDED AND DISSEMINATED TO INTERESTED PARTIES? * HAS PROJECT MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION BEEN FILED FOR FUTURE REFERENCE? YOU MAY RUN LESSONS LEARNT WORKSHOP SO THAT YOU AND OTHERS CAN BENEFIT FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE OF WHAT WENT WELL AND WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE IN A BETTER WAY. ONCE THE PROJECT BOARD HAS CONFIRMED CLOSURE, THE PROJECT TEAM IS DISBANDED AND THE PROJECT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES NO LONGER EXIST. NO COSTS OR OTHER RESOURCES SHOULD GET CHARGED AGAINST A CLOSED PROJECT. MUAZZAM ALI BADSHA PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2ND SEMESTER CONFED SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Page | 1

Drugs: How Danagerous Is It? Essay -- essays research papers

Drugs: How Danagerous Is It? Drugs have infiltrated our cities, our towns and our lives. Though a small percentage of people use drugs, they do attempt to spread their plague among others. But, how dangerous are these mind suppressors? Do they kill like the statistics show, or is it a coverup to stop people from having a good time? Even in Franklin County, there are drugs. How bad is the problem? It is worse then most people think, but what can we do about it? Can we do anything about it? Marijuana is the drug of choice among most addicts. It is provided cheap and is easily available. Overdosing it on this drug is not possible, or at least dying of an overdose, thus making it seem safe. The high is described as a rush of calmness and relaxation. People under the influence feel relaxed and as if their problems are gone. The most common method of doing this drug is smoking it. The leafy plant is dried and smoked in a joint, or a rolled cigarette with a paper mouth piece. It can also be smoked in a bong, or pipe. Another method is eating the leaves of the plant. They must be cooked in some sort of fat. Marijuana is fat soluble, and for the reason, must be cooked in butter, lard, milk, or other substance. A new method is being tested. It includes "baking" the marijuana under a flame without burning it. It is nearly the same as smoking it, but there is no smoke, which may limit the chance of lung cancer. Yet is this drug safe? No. The short term effects, besides the calmness are the following: temporary memory loss, rapid heart beat, and dizziness. The long term effects include the following: Lung cancer, heart problems, and immune system disorders. The equivalent of one joint is four cigarettes, or ten seconds of car exhaust. No one sees the dangers of this drug, and they usually do not care about them, making it even more dangerous. LSD, or acid, is a synthetic drug that was originally found on the skin of a mushroom. This is considered a psychedelic drug. It is very cheap, usually $4 - $5 a trip. A trip usually consists of 500-600 "mics" of acid. It can be made from morning glory, wood petroleum and other chemicals. The high is very interesting. It is described as non-real. It brings reality and imagination together in a utopia of relaxation. This may sound good, but people tripping on acid do not realized what they are doing and could j... .... This drug is by far the most dangerous of the popular drugs. They often link it to violence and gangs. The drug problem in Franklin County isn't as large as in cities, but is existent. People use drugs, mainly because of peer pressure. Most people would not agree with this, but it is true. Ignorance is a major player in the drug problem. People don't realize HOW dangerous it is. If all people understood the information in this report, the problem could go decrease. It was stated that if marijuana was legalized, the drug problem would cease. This does have some truth to it, but most people say that marijuana leads to other drugs, but studies show that approximately 5% of people who try marijuana try other drugs. Marijuana does not lead to other drugs. However, this does not nullify the fact that marijuana kills people. It does it with the same potency of cigarettes. This is due to the fact that people do not smoke 40 joints a day, like some cigarette smokers, they smoke about two joints a week. But, there is not excuse for other "hard drugs" like LSD, heroin and cocaine. People need to learn what they are doing to themselves; that is the key to solving the drug problem.

Love fashion Essay

In the early 90’s, Kate Spade began what would soon be an illustrious career that spurred thousands of women into a deep love affair with handbags and accessories. Born Katherine Noel Brosnahan in Kansas City, Missouri, Kate is a journalism graduate who began to love fashion at her job in Madamoiselle magazine. Being adept at her work, Kate quickly rose as the senior fashion editor of accessories and in her six years of working at the magazine, Kate saw a need for practical yet stylish handbags for ordinary women. Realizing this need, she quit her job in 1991 and went on creating her own line of handbags. With her husband Andy Spade, who became the creative director and advertising manager, Kate Spade hand bags, was born. The secret behind Kate Spade are the classically shaped bags that were extremely appealing to a wide class of women. Kate Spade Hand bags are lauded for its simplicity in construction, elegant and timeless designs and enduring quality. At the start of their company, Kate and her husband Andy first created six simple shapes that emphasized utility, color, and fabric. These original boxy designs would eventually be the building blocks of an empire. Since then, more variety was created using innovative fabrics and vibrant colors with inspirations from the op art movement of the sixties. Kate Spade easily became a fashion staple all over the world. [1] From the bag revolution that Kate Spade initiated, the company went on to produce other accessories as well. Today, the company prides itself with well crafted shoes, accessories, apparel, jewelry, baby items, fragrance, glasses and even a paper line that included stationery, organizers and pencil cases. Kate Spade at home is a collection that includes wallpaper, bedding, china, bath items, and other various items for the home. The company also launched â€Å"kate spade beauty† along with Estee Lauder in the spring of 2002. [2] Kate Spade is highly patronized by celebrities and models such as Vikki Eichmann [3] and Taylor Swift [4]. Even Sarah Palin, amidst the election ruckus, is spotted wearing Kate Spade shoes [5]. The ever famous bags have also made their way into TV series such as Just Shoot Me [6] and the more recent and widely popular Gossip Girl with Blake Lively. [7] References [1] http://www. katespade. com/ [2] http://www. top-fashion-designers. info/kate-spade. html [3] http://www. observer. com/2007/spokes-models [4] http://www. iheartthat. com/2009/01/29/taylor-swift-in-kate-spade/ [5] http://coolspotters. com/political-figures/sarah-palin/and/shoes/kate-spade-gesture [6] http://www. twirlit. com/2008/11/25/kate-spade/ In the early 90’s, Kate Spade began what would soon be an illustrious career that spurred thousands of women into a deep love affair with handbags and accessories. Born Katherine Noel Brosnahan in Kansas City, Missouri, Kate is a journalism graduate who began to love fashion at her job in Madamoiselle magazine. Being adept at her work, Kate quickly rose as the senior fashion editor of accessories and in her six years of working at the magazine, Kate saw a need for practical yet stylish handbags for ordinary women. Realizing this need, she quit her job in 1991 and went on creating her own line of handbags. With her husband Andy Spade, who became the creative director and advertising manager, Kate Spade hand bags, was born. The secret behind Kate Spade are the classically shaped bags that were extremely appealing to a wide class of women. Kate Spade Hand bags are lauded for its simplicity in construction, elegant and timeless designs and enduring quality. At the start of their company, Kate and her husband Andy first created six simple shapes that emphasized utility, color, and fabric. These original boxy designs would eventually be the building blocks of an empire. Since then, more variety was created using innovative fabrics and vibrant colors with inspirations from the op art movement of the sixties. Kate Spade easily became a fashion staple all over the world. [1] From the bag revolution that Kate Spade initiated, the company went on to produce other accessories as well. Today, the company prides itself with well crafted shoes, accessories, apparel, jewelry, baby items, fragrance, glasses and even a paper line that included stationery, organizers and pencil cases. Kate Spade at home is a collection that includes wallpaper, bedding, china, bath items, and other various items for the home. The company also launched â€Å"kate spade beauty† along with Estee Lauder in the spring of 2002. [2] Kate Spade is highly patronized by celebrities and models such as Vikki Eichmann [3] and Taylor Swift [4]. Even Sarah Palin, amidst the election ruckus, is spotted wearing Kate Spade shoes [5]. The ever famous bags have also made their way into TV series such as Just Shoot Me [6] and the more recent and widely popular Gossip Girl with Blake Lively. [7] References [1] http://www. katespade. com/ [2] http://www. top-fashion-designers. info/kate-spade. html [3] http://www. observer. com/2007/spokes-models [4] http://www. iheartthat. com/2009/01/29/taylor-swift-in-kate-spade/ [5] http://coolspotters. com/political-figures/sarah-palin/and/shoes/kate-spade-gesture [6] http://www. twirlit. com/2008/11/25/kate-spade/

Noun-Adjective Agreement in Spanish

Noun-Adjective Agreement in Spanish Noun-adjective agreement is one of the most fundamental aspects of Spanish grammar: Adjectives must agree with the nouns they refer to in both number and gender. Agreement: an Essential, Basic Rule of Spanish Grammar The rule, which has no English equivalent, is that singular nouns are accompanied by singular adjectives, and plural nouns are accompanied by plural adjectives. Masculine nouns are described or limited by masculine adjectives, and feminine nouns are described or limited by feminine adjectives. The same rule applies to definite articles (the equivalent of the) and indefinite articles (a class of words that in English include a, an, and any), both of which sometimes are considered types of adjectiveshttps://www.thoughtco.com/noun-adjective-agreement-3078114. How To Modify Adjectives for Number and Gender The normal form of adjectives, the form you will find listed in dictionaries, is singular and masculine. To make the adjective plural, follow one of these steps, which as the same as for making nouns plural: If it ends in an unstressed vowel, add s: verde (green, singular), verdes (green, plural). El rbol es verde, the tree is green. Los rboles son verdes, the trees are green.If it ends in a z, change the z to a c and add : feliz (happy, singular), felices (happy, plural). Soy feliz, Im a happy person; somos felices, we are happy people.If it ends in another consonant or a stressed vowel, add : difà ­cil (difficult, singular), difà ­ciles (difficult, plural). La tarea es difà ­cil, the task is difficult; las tareas son difà ­ciles, the tasks are difficult.Note that in a few cases it is necessary to add an accent mark to maintain the stress on the correct syllable or delete one when its no longer necessary to indicate stress. For example, the plural of inglà ©s (English) as an adjective is ingleses. Making a masculine adjective feminine is even easier. Just follow these steps: If the singular masculine adjective ends in an : pequeà ±o (small, masculine singular), pequeà ±a (small, feminine singular). El gato es pequeà ±o, the cat is small; los gatos son pequeà ±os, the cats are small; la chica es pequeà ±a, the girl is small; las chicas son pequeà ±as, the girls are small.If the singular masculine adjective ends in any other letter, the feminine form is the same. El autobà ºs es grande, the bus is big; la casa es grande, the house is big. Adjectives can come before or after nouns, or they can be used with verbs such as ser (to be) to describe nouns. But (except for invariable adjectives) they will always match the nouns they describe in both number and gender. Invariable Adjectives There are a few adjectives, known as invariable adjectives, that dont change in form. Most of them are either uncommon colors or words of foreign origin. An example is web as in la pgina web (the web page) and las pginas web (the web pages). Sometimes a noun can be used as an invariable adjective, but this practice is much less common in Spanish than in English. Being Spanish students seldom will have the need to use invariable adjectives, but you should be aware that they exist so they dont confuse you when you see them. Sample Sentences Demonstrating Noun-Adjective Agreement Las familias felices se divierten en la playa rocosa. (The happy families are enjoying themselves on the rocky beach.) Felices is plural because familias is plural. The feminine form rocosa is used because playa is feminine. La and las are feminine definite articles. El hombre feliz va a ascender al pico rocoso. (The happy man is going to climb to the rocky summit.) The singular feliz is used because there is only one man. The masculine rocoso is used because pico is masculine. El is a masculine definite article. Al is a contracted form of a plus el. Ha sido un dà ­a largo entre muchas semanas largas. (It has been a long day among many long weeks.) The singular masculine largo is used with dà ­a because dà ­a is masculine and there is one of them, but the plural feminine largas is used with semanas because semana is feminine and there are more than one. Un and muchas are masculine and feminine indefinite articles, respectively. Un taco es una preparacià ³n mexicana que en su forma estndar consiste en una tortilla que contiene algà ºn alimento dentro. (A taco is a Mexican preparation that in its standard form consists of a tortilla the contains some food inside. Su is a determiner or possessive adjective that changes with number but not gender. Estndar is an invariable adjective - the same word would have been used with plural or masculine nouns.) Key Takeaways With the rare exception of invariable adjectives, adjectives must match the nouns they refer to in both number and gender.Singular adjectives are made plural in the same way singular nouns are.Adjectives ending on -o or -os can be made plural by changing those letters to -a or -as, respectively.

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis The foundational premise of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is that when behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to reoccur. When behavior is repeatedly reinforced, it becomes learned behavior. When we teach, we want students to learn specific behaviors. When students have problem behaviors, we need to teach alternative or replacement behavior. The replacement behavior needs to serve the same Function as the problem behavior, as the function is the way in which the behavior is reinforced for the child. In other words, if a behavior functions to provide a child attention, and the attention is reinforcing, the behavior will continue. Changeability of Reinforcement Many items can be reinforcing for a child. What is reinforcing is related to the function and the value of the function for a child. At different points certain different functions will have more importance than others to individual children: at some point, it may be attention, at another, it might be a preferred item or avoidance. For the purposes of Discrete Trials.  reinforcers that can be readily available and given and withdrawn quickly are the most effective. They may be toys, sensory items (spinning lights, musical toys, squishy toys/balls,) preferred items (dolls or Disney characters) or even escape, access to a break area. Sometimes edibles (candy or crackers) are used, but it is important that they are quickly paired with more appropriate social reinforcers. Not every item that is reinforcing for a child remains reinforcing. It may depend on the time of day, satiation, or the childs mood. Its important to have a rich menu of reinforcement that you can use with individual students when attempting to use ABA to teach or change behavior. Thats why it is important to attempt as many different kinds of reinforcers as possible, from preferred toys to sensory items. Ask About a Childs Preferences Parents and caregivers are a good place to start when exploring reinforcers. You can ask for the childs personal preferences: What does he/she enjoy doing when they can choose themselves? Does he/she have a favorite television character? Does he or she perseverate on that particular character? Parents and caregivers can give you some insight into the childs interests that will give you a sense of the kinds of preferences the child will find reinforcing. Non-Contingent Assessment The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that young children would find appealing. Try to include items that the parent or caregiver has already indicated is a preferred item. It is called non-contingent because access to the reinforcer is not contingent on the childs behavior. To what items does the child gravitate? Note anything that the child picks up to assess again. Note any themes: is there a preference for musical toys, for specific characters? Does the child use cars or other toys appropriately? How does the child play with the toys? Does the child choose self-stimulation instead of toys? Can you engage the child in play with any of the toys? Once you have seen the child in the presence of the toys, you can list preferred items and eliminate those that they have shown little interest in. Structured Assessments Through your unstructured assessment, you have discovered which items your student gravitates to. Now, you want to find your most powerful (A ) reinforcers and which you will keep back for when the student is satiated with his or her A reinforcers. That is done by systematically laying small numbers of items (often just two) in front of the child and seeing what preferences he or she expresses. Concurrent Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: Two or more reinforcers are presented as a response to a target behavior, and the preference is noted. The reinforcers are switched out, to compare later with other reinforcers. Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Schedule: A reinforcer is used in contingent setting (such as social attention for appropriate play) and later in a non-contingent setting (without a requirement of appropriate play.) If the appropriate play increases despite the fact the child is getting non-contingent attention later in the day, it is assumed that the reinforcer is effective for increasing play. Progressive Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: A reinforcer is checked to see if it continues to increase response when response demand is increased. So, if a reinforcer stops eliciting the response you want when you expect more responses, it is not as powerful a reinforcer as you thought. If it does . . . stick with it. Reinforcement Suggestions Edibles: Edibles are never the first choice of an ABA practitioner since you want to move into secondary reinforcers as quickly as possible. Still, for children with severe disabilities, especially older children with poor functional and social skills, edibles may be the way to engage them and begin building behavioral momentum. Some suggestions: CrackersPieces of fruitSmall individual candies, like Skittles or M and Ms.Preferred foods. Some children with autism love dill pickles. Sensory Items: Children with autism spectrum disorders often have issues with sensory integration, and crave sensory input. Items which provide that input, like spinning lights or musical toys, can be powerful reinforcers for young children with disabilities. Some reinforcers are: Spinning lights or vibrating pens. These kinds of sensory items can be found in catalogs for special educators. If you dont have access to the catalogs, your occupational therapist may actually have some of these items.Gross motor activities, like bouncing on a pilates ball, or a ceiling hung swing.Tickles or direct sensory input. This is most appropriate for very young children, but it may also help pair reinforcement with the therapist/teacher. Preferred Items and Toys Many children with disabilities love television and often perseverate on favorite television characters, like Mickey Mouse or Dora the Explorer. Combining these strong preferences with toys may make some items powerful reinforcers. Some ideas: Sound books with favorite characters. I have found these to be good reinforcers for young children.Jointed action figuresCars, trucks, and track.Thomas the Tank Engine trains.Small animal figures.Blocks. Ongoing Assessment Childrens interests change. So may the items or activities that they find reinforcing. At the same time, a practitioner should be moving to spread out reinforcement and pair primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers, like social interaction and praise. As children succeed in gaining new skills through ABA, they will move away from the short and frequent bursts of instruction that is discrete trial teaching toward more traditional and naturalistic methods of instruction. Some may even begin to reinforce themselves, by internalizing the values of competence and mastery.

People, Forests and Forestry Extra Credit Paper Essay

People, Forests and Forestry Extra Credit Paper - Essay Example In 2005, a total of 734 million hectares or 19% of the world’s forest can be found in Asia. But due to the problematic effects of deforestation and invasion of human activities in the forest, the highest rate of decline in forest area can be found in the Southeast Asia, which is 2.8 million hectares every year (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007). The study conducted is focused on one of the six countries with the highest decline in forest area which is the Philippines. It ranks fourth to Indonesia, Myanmar and Cambodia, the problematic areas in Southeast Asia with regards to deforestation (FAO UN, 2007). The Philippines is recognized as one of the countries in Southeast Asia to have great primary forests but due to the deforestation activities, significant percentage of the country’s forested areas had been denuded. For this matter, a study on the present state of the forests in the Philippines is the main focus of the research conducted. The immediate solution is required in the issues related to deforestation in the Philippines due to the continuous effects that can be observed in the state of the land, the livelihood and the biodiversity of the country. Based on the results of forest area studies, from 1995 to 2005 one third of the forest cover had been denuded (Butler, 2009). The country is even known to be included in the group of Southeast Asian countries with the highest deforestation rate as shown in Figure 1. The forest cover of the Philippines is 24% of the total land area which is equivalent to 7,162,000 hectares. Of the said forest area 829,000 hectares are classified as primary forest which is equivalent to 2.8% of the total forest area (Butler, 2009). In terms of the deforestation rates, in the period from 1995-2005 the rate of decrease of forested area in the Philippines is 2%. From 2000-2005 the update is that the

The New Stimulus Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Stimulus Bill - Essay Example It is well known to everybody that current global economic crises has its roots in the United States, where one of the biggest financial institutions collapsed due to non payment by borrowers to whom the banks freely lent huge amounts against various mortgages, specially house mortgages. The banks and financial institutions badly suffered with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in the United States. The banks and financial institutions World over hurt the public trust as they stopped or restricted further lending to housing industry as well as business. All these circumstances added to the worst global economic crises. The World vide economies went to worst recession after the Second World War. (PlentyMag 2009) Different countries took different steps they considered suitable for boosting up their own economies, United States gave two stimulus packages, one by the Bush Administration and the other by the Obama Administration. Bush Administration pumped in billions of dollars prior to current economic crises. It was specially meant for housing industry that was indicating something worst. Obviously that much money failed to give the desired results and ultimately the banks and financial institutions either became bankrupt or reached close to bankruptcy. It is understood that when the financial system of any country either collapse or it looses the public confidence than the economy of that country can not move forward. Therefore, The American President decided to float in the Congress another economic stimulus bill for about $825 billions. An economic stimulus bill is a sort of federal legislation needed to step in money into the economy to curb the economic recession. On Feb 17, 2009, a ne w economic stimulus package was passed and signed into law by President Barack Obama with just three Republican votes to promote